SPOT 083-264 Kosovo, June 1999

 

Kosovo: Sat•K-J ID•Date•Time•Camera•Sensor
SPOT Scene: 4•082-264•99/06/06/•09:32:30•1•M
Cloud Cover: 0-10%
Extents: 37, 049,284 pixels/band
Top Left: Latitude: N43:01:13 Longitude: E20:21:17
Bottom Right: Latitude: N42:23:34 Longitude: E20:55:22
Coverage: 64.81 km 59.92 km
Scale: 1 pixel = 10 meters
   
Kosovo: Sat•K-J ID•Date•Time•Camera•Sensor
SPOT Scene: 2•083-264•99/06/03/•09:18:53•2•X
Cloud Cover: 0%
Extents: 34, 594 686 pixels: 11,531,562 pixels/band
Top Left: Latitude: N43:01:12 Longitude: E20:39:55
Bottom Right: Latitude: N42:23:40 Longitude: E21:23:02
Coverage: 79.88 km x 59.780 km
Scale: 1 pixel = 20 meters
 
Between March 22 and June 14, 1999, the commercial French SPOT satellites aimed their sensors at these sites seventy-two times, collecting data on the ground from an altitude of 822 kilometers above it. Thousands of megabytes of data about war, displacement, and destruction, because -- not by accident -- the satellites were passing over Kosovo. Their 10- and 20-meter resolution data were immediately stored and made available publically, directly from an active war zone, on almost every day of the NATO air campaign. Here are 'data sets' from June 3 and June 6, two of the rare cloudless days during the war, as the satellites recorded what was happening in the 'scenes' below, gathering information on the landscape of ethnic cleansing and war. Permanent digital records, created at the speed of light: sixty square kilometers in a matter of seconds.

These are two scenes from the vast quantity of images which SPOT, Landsat, Sovinformsputnik, and other satellites record daily and store in databases: ready to be browsed and bought. They are collections of data -- although they are presented as picture elements (pixels) which resemble an image -- information waiting to be examined and interpreted, snapshots in time and space, this time of a war.

"The former Yugoslavia is the most listened to, photographed, monitored, overheard and intercepted entity in the history of mankind." -- U.S. State Department official, quoted in the New York Review of Books.

Kosovo names, among other things, the conflict in which classified NATO images were finally released to the public. And they were not simply pictures of the conduct of the war but of its ostensible reasons. This time, in addition to footage of bombs and missiles, the public could see ethnic cleansing in progress: high-resolution imagery of mass graves, refugees in the mountains, burning villages and organized deportations. It was the war in which satellite images were used as a way of forming public opinion. The manner in which they were released, however -- as pictures -- shows less the facts-on-the-ground than the ability of the technology to record, in minute detail, these facts. No data, strictly speaking, was forthcoming at press briefings, and certainly not the raw data available commercially. "I won’t talk about what kind of imagery that is," said the Pentagon spokesman.

Drenica Valley:Kosovo: 99/06/03/
SPOT Scene: 2•083-264•99/06/03/•09:18:53•2•X
Extents: 500 lines: 5,991,000 pixels
Top Left: Latitude: N42:45:56.17 Longitude: E20:41:01.12
Bottom Right: Latitude: N42:33:54.97 Longitude: E21:37:39.91
Coverage: 79.88 km x 10 km
Scale: 1 pixel = 20 meters
 
'On the way to the bus station... a police officer said to me: "The war started in Drenica, and we are going to end it here". - Glogovac resident, quoted by Human Rights Watch.

Stretched out horizontally across sixty kilometres, the Drenica valley of Kosovo in early June is displayed in what the analysts of overhead imagery call standard false colour. We know how to read this image, more or less, because we know what the colours of the pixels conventionally represent: red is vegetation, purple is marshland or farmland, blue is roads, buildings and bare soil, dark blue is clear water, white is clouds of smoke, and black is something burnt. But add to this something else we know about these picture elements: that they present data. Each pixel designates 20 square metres. Each one has an address, expressed in longitude and latitude, corresponding to a unique territory on the face of the earth. And each one has a signature, the heat value of that place at the time the satellite passed silently above. That value is expressed as a number, which has in turn an assigned standard false colour. The satellite gathers data - we see an image.

What can we see in this image map? It is the record of a war, not just of NATO's air war but of the emptied cities and the burning villages, the refugees and what they've left behind, the mass graves and the crimes that are now too easily named with the term ethnic cleansing. But what can we see? We know that a war is taking place, and that it is presented to us in these colours that tell us something about a landscape. Red: at 20-metre resolution, the pixels hide the people who are taking refuge in the hills and forests. Blue: at 20-metre resolution, the small buildings in the villages are indistinguishable from the roads, and what remains is the large blue trace of the city, Pristina. To its west extends the Drenica valley, where the war started. Has it ended yet?

The record of a double erasure, the evidence of a massacre and of a disturbed grave is digitized and remembered here, by high-resolution military satellites. The black is presented to us as the black of freshly upturned soil in the village of Izbica. Absorbing more heat than the adjacent grasslands, it is distinguished and recorded by the implacable sensors of the satellites. It would only take the next rain to wipe away the evidence, and then the grass would start growing again. But not on this image.


How can this image be located? In time and space, in history, in memory or in a database? These -- the remainders of the burial ground for scores of villagers in Izbica, killed by their military in March, buried by their neighbours soon after, and then removed from the scene in June -- are just a few of the millions of pixels that make up this image, and there are certainly many more worth memorializing. But how can we return this picture to its rightful place in memory, realign it with the data stripped away from it as it became public? For now we are left to our own devices.

Izbica:  
SPOT Scene:  
Extents:  
Top Left:  
Bottom Right:  
Coverage:  
Scale:  

Izbica: Kosovo: 99/06/06/
SPOT Scene: 4•082-264•99/06/06/•09:32:30•1•M
Extents: 2,500 pixels:
Top Left: Latitude: N42:43:47.81 Longitude: E20:38:11.62
Bottom Right: Latitude: N42:42:9.47 Longitude: E20:41:7.87
Coverage: 500 meters x 500 meters
Scale: 1 pixel = 10 meters

Grave-site  
Izbica: Kosovo: 99/06/06/
SPOT Scene: 4•082-264•99/06/06/•09:32:30•1•M
Extents: 100 pixels:
Top Left: Latitude: N42:43:45.76 Longitude: E20:39:37.96
Bottom Right: Latitude: N42:43:41.98 Longitude: E20:39:41.48
Coverage: 100 meters x 100 meters
Scale: 1 pixel = 10 meters

Grave-site  
Izbica: Kosovo: 99/06/06/
SPOT Scene: 4•082-264•99/06/06/•09:32:30•1•M
Extents: 10,562,500 pixels: Enhanced from 100 pixels:
Top Left: Latitude: N42:43:45.76 Longitude: E20:39:37.96
Bottom Right: Latitude: N42:43:41.98 Longitude: E20:39:41.48
Coverage: 100 meters x 100 meters
Scale: enhanced to 1 pixel = 3 centimeters

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